Introduction — Cairo 1.0 is not just an iteration over Cairo 0. It is a full rewrite in Rust, whereas Cairo 0 has been written in a pythonic DSL. New Cairo at its core is very similar to Rust. It is meant to be backward compatible with Cairo 0.10 but this is…

This post explores the zero knowledge proof system that Mina uses to create zkSNARKS, I do assume some knowledge of zero knowledge proofs, if this area is new to you, please read some of our introductory articles such as A gentle introduction to zero knowledge proofs, or our guide to…

Zero Knowledge proofs are gaining in interest thanks in part to the role they have played in providing privacy to distributed ledger technology. This post serves as a gentle intuitive explanation, of zero knowledge proofs, more rigorous explanations can be found at our workshops notes (see below). A zero knowledge…

Thanks to Rekt and @samczsun for their insights. On 1st August 2022 the Nomad bridge was hacked and within 3 hours about $190 M of funds were taken. The attack affected related projects such as EVMOS, Milkomeda and Moonbeam. August 1st 2022 The exploits unfolds… The exploit was spotted as unusual activity by…

Introduction One line of defense against exploits is a professional audit of your smart contracts. Sadly there are still too few projects getting their code fully audited, as shown is the rekt.news leaderboard of exploits.

Introduction Solana’s Wormhole is a communication enabling the transfer of tokenized assets seamlessly across blockchains and benefit from Solana’s high speed and low cost. The Wormhole bridge was hacked on February 2nd, the attack exploited unpached Rust contracts in Solana that were manipulated into crediting 120k ETH as having been deposited…

We present an overview of recent attacks where keys have been compromised, along with possible prevention and mitigation. December 02, 2021 — Badger DAO: A front-end attack, due to a basic OPSEC error of granting unlimited approvals to an EOA, $120 million taken in various forms of wBTC and ERC20. …

In this article we look at type of economic attack on DeFi projects in the form of manipulation of price oracles. What Are Price Oracles On Ethereum, where everything is a smart contract, so too are price oracles. As such, it’s more useful to distinguish between how the price oracle gets its price information…

A few months ago Extropy published a survey on Ethereum staking solutions, in this article we introduce staking on a new PoS blockchain, Mina. Mina is known for being the world’s lightest blockchain! Individuals or businesses can contribute to network security by becoming nodes or block producers. They can contribute…